R20-2-1-OOPS through C++

R20-2-1-OOPS through C++ UNIT -WISE MATERIALS:-

UNIT-1              UNIT-2       UNIT-3

R20-2-1-OOPS through C++  LAB MANUAL:-

Lab Manual

 Welcome to the letslearningcse , in this blog post you are going to learn c++ based on JNTUK R20 syllabus

Title: Unit-specific C++ Resources Prepared Using the JNTUK R20 Syllabus

Overview : The programming language C++ is strong and adaptable, and it's widely used in software development. Adhering to a thorough and well-organized curriculum is crucial for guaranteeing a strong comprehension of the language. We will talk about the first three units of the C++ unit-wise resources in this blog post. These materials are based on the JNTUK R20 syllabus and offer a comprehensive and well-rounded learning experience.

 Unit 1: Overview of C++ : Students are introduced to the fundamentals of C++ programming in the first unit of the syllabus. Data types, variables, operators, and control statements are among the subjects discussed. The structure and syntax of C++ programs are taught to students, with a focus on the significance of good coding practices. With practical tasks, students get hands-on experience building basic C++ programs, which lays the groundwork for more complex subjects in later units. Students learn about the basic ideas of C++ programming in this lesson, including data types, variables, and operators. They gain knowledge of how to employ control statements like if-else and switch-case, declare and initialize variables, and carry out arithmetic and logical operations. Students will be able to write basic programs and have a firm grasp of the fundamentals of C++ programming by the end of this lesson.

Unit 2: Loops and Control Statements Control statements and loops, which are essential elements of any programming language, are covered in detail in the second unit. Students investigate the complexities of using if-else statements to make decisions, loops like for and while to iterate, and the manipulation of lists and other data structures. Comprehending these ideas is essential for crafting effective and rational code, empowering learners to approach challenging issues methodically. Students study the many kinds of C++ loops and control statements in this unit. They look at iteration statements like for, while, and do-while as well as decision-making statements like if-else and switch-case. Along with learning how to work with data structures like arrays and lists, students also learn how to use the break and continue statements in loops. Students will be able to use control statements and loops to construct sophisticated programs by the conclusion of this lesson. 

Unit 3: Object-Oriented Programming and Functions The third course explores the concept of object-oriented programming, or OOP, which is utilized extensively in contemporary software development. Pupils gain knowledge about the role functions play in improving reusability and modularizing programming. They also explore OOP concepts like polymorphism, inheritance, classes, and objects, which help create scalable and reliable programs. Students study the use of functions in C++ programming in this subject. They study the many kinds of functions, including user-defined and built-in functions, and they discover how to provide parameters to functions and get values back. The fundamentals of object-oriented programming, including classes, objects, inheritance, and polymorphism, are also taught to students. By the end of this course, students will understand how to use functions and the concepts of object-oriented programming to write modular, reusable code. 

In summary The JNTUK R20 syllabus served as the basis for the preparation of the first three units of the unit-wise C++ resources an organized method for picking up the fundamentals of this potent programming language. As they work through these lessons, students will gain an understanding of the fundamentals of C++ programming as well as the problem-solving abilities necessary for a successful software development career.

 The JNTUK R20 syllabus offers a thorough and well-rounded education, encompassing every facet of C++ programming, from fundamentals to more complex subjects. Students can be confident that by adhering to this syllabus, they will acquire a strong grasp of the language and be well-equipped to start a lucrative career in software development.

R20-AI&ML3-1 ----------Machine Learning [ML] Notes

 material links of unit 1&2&3:

UNIT-1      UNIT- 2&3

Lab manual link:

Machine Learning-LAB-R20-3-1

LetsLearningCse.blogspot.com welcomes you to the world of knowledge on technology. In this blog post, you are going to experience a new kind of knowledge regarding artificial intelligence and machine learning. Without delay, let's get into the topic.

Well, let's start with a brief introduction to artificial intelligence and machine learning.

Artificial intelligence is a branch of computer science in which we can create intelligent machines that can behave like humans, think like humans, and make decisions. Actually In 1951, the first AI program was introduced by Christopher, and AI was introduced by John McCarthy in 1955.

 

Machine learning is the field of study that gives computers the ability to learn without being explicitly programmed.It was introduced by Arthur Samuel in 1959. It enhances systems to learn from data, improve performance from experience, and predict new data without human interference. Machine learning is a subset of AI.

Deep learning is a collection of statistical techniques for machine learning feature hierarchies that are actually based on artificial neural networks. I was introduced by Dina Dechter in 1986. It is subset of Machine learning

Before going into our main concept of machine learning, see various areas that use machine learning; they are image recognition, virtual personal assistants, automatic translation, traffic prediction, web search and recommendation engines, online fraud detection, medical diagnosis, text and speech recognition, email spam filtering, etc.

Tip: If you know this 7-step process in machine learning, it's clear that you can build any project in machine learning in an efficient manner.

• Define the problem. [Understand the problem first.]
• Data Gathering
• Data preprocessing [noisy data removal, data splitting]
• Choose model
• Train the model.
• Test the model.
• Deployment or prediction

Types of machine learning:

• Whether or not they are trained under human supervision (SUPERVISED, UNSUPERVISED, SEMI-SUPERVISED, and REINFORCEMENT LEARNING).
• Whether or not they can learn incrementally on the fly (Online Learning vs Batch Learning)
• Whether they work by simply comparing new data points to known data points or instead detect patterns in the training data and build a predictive model [instance-based learning versus model-based learning]

Most of the time, we discuss the human supervision type of machine learning.

• Supervised learning
• Unsupervised learning
• semi-supervised learning
• Reinforcement learning

Supervised learning: we train the machines using the labeled dataset, and based on the training, the machine predicts the output. In this, we feed training data to an algorithm that includes the desired solutions in it. It has two methods to solve problems, which are:

• Classification: it was used when output data is categorical data.
• Regression: it was used for predicting or estimating a continuous or quantitative output value.

e.g., image recognition, spam detection

Unsupervised learning: In this model, the model, the models are trained using an unlabeled dataset and predict new data without any supervision, so we say it is unsupervised. It was easier as compared to a labeled dataset. It has two methods:

• Clustering: method of grouping data items that are similar into a single cluster
• Association: It is used for finding the relationships between variables in large data sets.

Semi-supervised learning lies in between supervised and unsupervised learning. To overcome the drawbacks of both, it came into existence. Its training data is a combination of both labeled and unlabeled data. It has both the features of supervised and unsupervised learning.

Reinforcement learning: we simply say it as feed-back learning. It follows the trail-and-error method to get the desired solution.

Loss Functions:

Loss is a number indicating how bad the model's prediction was on the sample

Training loss: it is the error of the model on the training set.

Testing loss: it is the error of the model on the testing set.

A loss function measures the error between the predicted and actual values in a machine learning model.

There are different loss functions, such as

• Mean Squared Error (MSE)
• Cross-entropy loss
• Mean Absolute Error (MAE)
• Huber loss
• Hinge loss
• Quantile loss

 

 

 

 

JNTUK R20-B.Tech CSE 1-2 Python

UNIT-1           UNIT-2          UNIT-3       UNIT-4               UNIT-5

Lab Manual

Hello students, LetsLearningCse.blogspot.com welcomes you to the world of BTech. In this blog post, you are going to enhance some theoretical and technical knowledge regarding Python.

As we all know, Python is a leading high-level language that can be used for various applications.

Why Python?

• simple and flexible

• easy to learn.

• less number of SLOC [source lines of code]

• Vast libraries support machine learning, data science, deep learning, etc.

• efficient and quality productivity

• fast processing

Who invented Python?

On February 20, 1991, Guido van Rossum released the first version of Python.

Now Python is going up to the 3.12 version, advancing and depricating the packages every year. In this blog post, we are providing complete details regarding Python according to the JNTUK R20 syllabus. Each unit was uploaded as a separate link in this post. 

Well! Apart from that, let's discuss some stuff regarding Python. If you want a well-rounded and in-depth explanation, go through the material links. Now I am going to provide just a brief overview of Python programming.

Python is an interpreter language, which means Python executes statements statement by statement rather than executing all statements at a time.

One more thing: Python is also a dynamically typed language, which means it can understand the type of data entered into a variable.

To learn any programming language, you first need to know how to push the input and deliver the output. In Python, we provide input in two ways: instance and runtime input, and for output, we use the print() function.

for input:

instance way: a=1; b="abc"

runtime: a = input(); b = input())

for output: print (Hello world!")

for comments:

In single-line comments, we use hash (#), e.g., #print.

In multi-line comments, also known as documentation, we use a pair of three double or single quotes. """ print"""

The next step is variable assignment, and its' rules are:

Rules:

• Variable names can start with an underscore or with an alphabet, either in lower or upper case.

• A variable should not start with a number or special symbol.

• A variable name should not contain a space or hyphen.

• variable name is case-sensitive; for example, a and A were considered as two different variables.

Compared to the C language, datatype specifying is permitted for some variables only, but most of the time it understands the data dynamically.

examples: a = "abc"; b = 12;

a=input() ;b=int(input())

datatype: the type of data that is going to be stored in a variable.

Datatypes in Python are

• Integer: int

• Float: float

• String: str

• Boolean: bool

• Complex: complex

• container datatypes: list, tuple, set, dictionary,frozenset, numpy arrays, etc.

then coming to conditional statements, followed by indentations to differentiate the block of code.

if condition: When a condition is true, statements are executed, and when it is

if (<condition>):

#statements

along with else: when the if condition statement is false, the else block is executed.

if(<condition>):

statements

else:

statements

loops: to repeat the statements, we use loops in Python. We have two types of loops: the for loop and the while loop.

for loop syntax:

for variable_name in sequence:

                                  statements

while loop syntax:

while(<condition>):

statements

functions: it is used for the code reusability. For declaring a function, we use the def keyword.

syntax:

def <function_name>():

                       statements

function_name()

For in-depth explanation, refer to these materials.

unit wise materials: 

UNIT-1           UNIT-2          UNIT-3       UNIT-4               UNIT-5

LAB MANUAL:

Lab Manual

 

R20 B.Tech CSE Skill Lab

 R20 B.Tech CSE   Skill Lab

Letslearningcse.blogspot.com welcomes you to enhance your knowledge regarding frontend development using HTML [hypertext markup language] and CSS [cascading style sheets].

Let's get into the topic without delay. Let's dive into the content.

 

 HTML stands for HyperText Markup Language. It is used to design web pages using a markup language. HTML is a combination of hypertext and markup language. Hypertext defines the link between web pages. A markup language is used to define the text document within the tag, which defines the structure of web pages. Most markup languages (e.g., HTML) are human-readable. The language uses tags to define what manipulation has to be done on the text.

 

HTML code:

Every HTML document that begins with a start tag is <HTML> and terminates with an ending tag is </HTML>.

HTML documents should be saved with the extension.html or.htm. 

A tag is made up of a left operator (<), a right operator (>), and a tag name between these two operators. 

If you forget to mention the right operator (>) or if you give any space between the left operator and the tag name, the browser will not consider it a tag. 

At the same time, if the browser not understand the tag name, it just ignores it, and it won't generate any errors. 

The HTML language is not case-sensitive; hence, users can write the code in either upper case or lower case. There is no difference between  <HTML> and <html> 

Syntax of a tag: 

<Tag name [parameters=value]>

Html uses predefined tags and attributes to tell the browser how to display content, which means in which format, style, font size, and images to display. Html is a case-insensitive language. 

Case-insensitive means there is no difference in upper case and lower case (capital and small letters) being treated as the same; for example, 'D' and 'd' are both the same here. 

 

There are generally two types of tags in HTML: 

•  Paired Tags: These tags come in pairs. That is, they have both opening(< >) and closing (</ >) tags.
•  Empty Tags: These tags do not require being closed.

Tags are individuals of HTML structure; we have to open and close any tag with a forward slash like this: <hi> </hi>. There are some variations with the tag; some of them are self-closing tags, which aren't required to close, and some are empty tags where we can add any attributes. 

 HTML text tags

<p>, <hl>>,  <h2>,  <h3>,  <h4>,  <h5>,  <h6>,  <strong>, <em>,  <abbr>, 

<acronym>, 

<address>, <bdo>, <blockquote>, <cite>, <q>, <code>, <ins>, <del>, <dfn>, <kbd>, 

<pre>, 

<samp>, <var> 

Unclosed HTML tags

Some HTML tags are not closed, for example, br and hr. 

<br> Tag: br stands for break line; it breaks the line of the code. 

<hr> Tag: HR stands for Horizontal Rule. This tag is used to put a line across the webpage. 

HTML Link Tags 

 <a> and <base>

HTML Image and Object Tags 

<img>, <area>, <map>, <param>, and <object> 

HTML List Tags 

<ul>, <ol>, <li>, <dl>, <dt>, and <dd> 

HTML Table Tags 

table, tr, td, th, tbody, thead, tfoot, col, colgroup, and caption 

HTML Form Tags form, input, textarea, select, option, optgroup, button, label, fieldset, and legend 

HTML Scripting Tags  script and no script 

Attributes: Attributes are additional properties of html tags that define the properties of any html tags. i.e., width, height, controls, loops, input, and autoplay. These attributes also help us store information in meta tags by using name, content, and type attributes. 

• Attributes should always be applied with the start tag. 
• The attribute should always be applied with its name and value pair. 
• The attribute name and values are case-sensitive, and it is recommended by W3C that they be written in lowercase only. 
• You can add multiple attributes to one HTML element, but you need to give space between two attributes. 

Syntax: 

<element attribute name="value">content</element>